This technical note addresses the challenges that arise when operational databases evolve without disciplined structural oversight. As data volumes grow and requirements change, what were initially simple table designs can accumulate redundancy and inconsistencies that undermine data integrity, maintainability, and performance. The note situates database normalization as a response to these conditions, highlighting common anomalies that emerge in poorly structured tables and the role of data modelling in preventing them. Through a progressively refined sales database example, the note frames normalization as a structured analytical exercise that supports reliable information systems design in real organizational contexts.
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