India is one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies, making a close examination of its financial system important. The Indian financial system is multifaceted, having evolved through numerous milestones. The functional and hierarchical structure, regulatory classifications, diverse participants, varied markets, and other unique features contribute to the distinctiveness of the Indian financial system. It is essential for foreign investors .....more

Automated market makers (AMMs) are a new way of trading in cryptocurrency markets as opposed to trading through an order book as is used in traditional financial markets. AMMs address the limitation of using an order book in cryptocurrency markets by using liquidity pools to avoid high price volatility and wide bid–ask spreads. In a liquidity pool, people add their assets to be used for trading, ensuring that there are always enough funds available .....more

The entrepreneurial beach vendor industry is culturally vibrant on the famous beaches of Zona Sul, including Copacabana Beach and Ipanema Beach, in Brazil’s Rio de Janeiro (commonly known as Rio). Vendors, who mainly reside in low-income working-class districts known as a favelas, sell a variety of goods and services to locals and tourists from around the world. In addition to the numerous characteristics associated with Rio’s beach vendors, four .....more

The insurance industry’s potential for growth in India has attracted numerous organizations, each armed with their most efficient strategies. India’s life insurance market is undergoing a transformation, marked by fierce competition and changing consumer preferences. Public and private life insurance companies and emerging insurtech (insurance technology) companies coexist, intensifying the competition for coverage in a rapidly expanding market. This .....more

Stablecoins represent digital assets whose value is pegged to that of a fiat currency, commodity, or financial instrument. As non-volatile assets that enable relatively easy cross-border transfers and minimal price fluctuation relative to the reference asset, stablecoins are especially useful as a medium of exchange.

This note is about tokenization and tokenized assets. Tokenization refers to the process of creating a representation of a particular asset on a blockchain via digital tokens. Tokenized assets typically derive their value from the value of the underlying asset. This note explores the benefits and risks of tokenization, as well as use cases. Moreover, it explores Security Token Offerings, considerations for tokenized asset issuers, and the Howey Test. .....more

This technical note provides introductory to intermediate accounting and finance students with an introduction to the construction of a discounted cash flow analysis. The scenario is a plausible and moderately complex “real-world” managerial decision of whether or not a business owner should purchase labour-saving farm equipment. This decision includes tax implications and long-lived assets. One of the greatest challenges that managers face is understanding .....more

Entity-Relationship (ER) data modelling is a critical technique used by data experts to help design new systems, utilize existing systems, and replace old systems. This note describes the different levels of data modelling, as well as its objectives and benefits, provides a brief history of graphical modelling approaches, and focuses on a particular graphical rule set for creating logical data models called Barker notation.

Indigenous people “continue to have shorter life spans, poorer health, higher unemployment, lower educational levels, and generally far poorer socio-economic conditions than the Canadian average.” To address these issues and build economic self-sufficiency, First Nations communities must be able to exercise their rights to the land they have occupied for millenniums. In British Columbia, most First Nations have never extinguished their Aboriginal .....more

Corporate ownership structure shapes corporate governance in profound ways, impacting decision-making speed, risk management, strategic alignment, and firm performance. The effectiveness of governance mechanisms varies with ownership structures, from sole proprietorships to shareholders in public firms, as each structure entails unique challenges in balancing control, oversight, and incentive alignment. This note explores governance strategies across .....more