AirAsia X Berhad (AAX), a long-haul, low-cost airline based in Malaysia, faced a difficult financial situation in October 2021. As the global COVID-19 pandemic had forced the Malaysian government to impose travel restrictions and close its borders in 2020, the majority of AAX’s fleet had been grounded. By 2021, AAX’s total liabilities outweighed its total assets by RM33.581 billion. Unable to service the lease payments to lessors, AAX designated Lim .....more

Teaching note for product W41383.

Student supplement for product W41383.

Stablecoins represent digital assets whose value is pegged to that of a fiat currency, commodity, or financial instrument. As non-volatile assets that enable relatively easy cross-border transfers and minimal price fluctuation relative to the reference asset, stablecoins are especially useful as a medium of exchange.

This note is about tokenization and tokenized assets. Tokenization refers to the process of creating a representation of a particular asset on a blockchain via digital tokens. Tokenized assets typically derive their value from the value of the underlying asset. This note explores the benefits and risks of tokenization, as well as use cases. Moreover, it explores Security Token Offerings, considerations for tokenized asset issuers, and the Howey Test. .....more

In early 2015, many economies around the world were already dealing with a downturn in the markets when the price of oil dropped steadily, which had a strong impact on oil-dependent economies in the Persian Gulf region. As the corporate debt market decreased considerably, the airline Emirates (owned by The Emirates Group) decided to try a distinctly new approach by issuing a sukuk, or Islamic bond, with the backing of the United Kingdom’s Export Credits .....more

Teaching note for product #W37517.

Presentation for product 8B20N031.

Student spreadsheet for Ivey product no. W24460.

Student spreadsheet for Ivey product no. 9B18N018.